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Versie van 21 jun 2022 09:36

article (Søren Brier, 1 september 1996)

The central idea of autopoiesis in second-order cybernetics put forward by Von Foerster, Maturana and Varela was an important step for understanding the dymamics of cognition and communication in living creatures. Luhmann stretched the second-order cybernetics concept in the domain of social systems. This provided a strong foundation for understanding the complexities of such systems. However, some aspects in Luhmann's theory are less developed, most notably the concept of what makes a human being human, such as emotions, and the concepts of meaning and signs.

The latter two concepts - meaning and signs - requires some explanation. The theory of meaning and signs - semiotics - was established by C.S. Pierce. A sign is defined as: something which stands to somebody for something on some respect or capacity. Or simply put, a sign is something that evokes something for someone. Note that there are three elements involved: including sign, object, and interpretant. A sign points to an object and produces another sign in the mind of an interpreter, i.e., the interpretant. The interpretant can be seen as interpretation of the original sign, that is, an equivalent or perhaps a more developed sign. This is the triadic (threefold) structure of semiosis - the process of meaning making. The three elements are all required, without any of them, there is no possibility for semiosis.

The triadic structure is a recurring part of Pierce's theory. ...

The reflexive, self-referential nature of semiosis bears a strong resemblance to second-order cybernetics. Spencer-Brown developed in his Laws of Form a three-valued system. Besides the marked and unmarked state, a third boundary state was introduced that encompasses the notion of self-producing (autopoiesis) using its own elements. In the realm second-order cybernetics and Luhmann's social systems this means that living creatures reproduce themselves, not only in the physical sense (e.g., a cell that produces another similar one), but also in the form of action and reaction of autonomous observers based on past, self-referential experiences. The interpretant, or (more developed) signs, of the interpreter give meaning to the experiences as a result of interaction with objects, including human beings.

Lees hiervoor:
Later Developments
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Discussion

Referenties

Introduction to Cybersemiotics: A Transdisciplinary Perspective, Carlos Vidales and Søren Brier (eds), Springer, Part of the book series: Biosemiotics (BSEM, volume 21), 1 januari 2022.
Peirce’s universal categories: On their potential for gesture theory and multimodal analysis, Irene Mittelberg, Semiotica 2019 (228), 1 maart 2019.
Peirce’s Theory of Signs, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 15 november 2010.
Cybersemiotics: Why Information Is Not Enough, Søren Brier, University of Toronto Press; Reprint edition, 13 augustus 2013.
From second-order cybernetics to cybersemiotics: A semiotic re-entry into the second-order cybernetics of Heinz von Foerster, Søren Brier, Systems Research, Volume13, Issue3, Pages 229-244, 1 september 1996.

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-This {{Cite|resource=Resource Bibliographic Reference 00073|name=article|dialog=process-bibliographicreference-dialog}} praises the development of second-order cybernetics by von Foerster, Maturana and Varela as an important step in deepening our understanding of the biopsychological foundation of the dynamics of cognition and communication. Luhmann's development of the theory into the realm of social communication is seen as a necessary and important move. The differentiation between biological, psychological and social-communicative autopoiesis and the introduction of a technical concept of meaning is central. Furthermore, Varela's development of Spencer Brown's ‘Laws of Form’ from a dual to a triadic categorical basic structure is considered vital. Finally the paper shows that second-order cybernetics lacks explicit and ontological concepts of emotion, meaning and a concept of signs. C.S. Peirce's theory is introduced for this purpose. It is then shown that both theories are triadic and second order, and therefore can be fruitfully fused to a cybersemiotics.
+{{Cite|resource=Resource Bibliographic Reference 00073|name=article|dialog=process-bibliographicreference-dialog}}
-The central idea of {{Internal link|link=LC 00455|name=autopoiesis in second-order cybernetics|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} put forward by Von Foerster, Maturana and Varela was an important step for understanding the dymamics of cognition and communication in living creatures. Luhmann stretched the second-order cybernetics concept in the realm of social systems. This provided a strong foundation for understanding   the complexities in such systems. However, some aspects in Luhmann's theory are less developed, most notably the concept of what makes a human being human, such as emotions, and the concepts of meaning and signs.
+The central idea of {{Internal link|link=LC 00455|name=autopoiesis in second-order cybernetics|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} put forward by Von Foerster, Maturana and Varela was an important step for understanding the dymamics of cognition and communication in living creatures. Luhmann stretched the second-order cybernetics concept in the domain of social systems. This provided a strong foundation for understanding  the complexities of such systems. However, some aspects in Luhmann's theory are less developed, most notably the concept of what makes a human being human, such as emotions, and the concepts of meaning and signs.
+The latter two concepts - meaning and signs - requires some explanation. The theory of meaning and signs - semiotics - was established by C.S. Pierce. A sign is defined as: something which stands to somebody for something on some respect or capacity. Or simply put, a sign is something that evokes something for someone. Note that there are three elements involved: including sign, object, and interpretant. A sign points to an object and produces another sign in the mind of an interpreter, i.e., the interpretant. The interpretant can be seen as interpretation of the original sign, that is, an equivalent or perhaps a more developed sign. This is the triadic (threefold) structure of semiosis - the process of meaning making. The three elements are all required, without any of them, there is no possibility for semiosis.
+The triadic structure is a recurring part of Pierce's theory. ...
+The reflexive, self-referential nature of semiosis bears a strong resemblance to second-order cybernetics. Spencer-Brown developed in his Laws of Form a three-valued system. Besides the marked and unmarked state, a third boundary state was introduced that encompasses the notion of self-producing (autopoiesis) using its own elements. In the realm second-order cybernetics and Luhmann's social systems this means that living creatures reproduce themselves, not only in the physical sense (e.g., a cell that produces another similar one), but also in the form of action and reaction of autonomous observers based on past, self-referential experiences. The interpretant, or (more developed) signs, of the interpreter give meaning to the experiences as a result of interaction with objects, including human beings.
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