LC 00415: verschil tussen versies

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[[Bestand:Reseach onion.jpg|gecentreerd|miniatuur|600x600px|'''Figure:''' research onion by Saunders.]]
== Research philosophies ==
[[Bestand:Reseach onion.jpg|gecentreerd|miniatuur|600x600px|'''Figure:''' {{Cite|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00122|name=research onion by Saunders|optional=}}.]]


Read more about {{Internal link|link=LC 00513|name=how Research Philosophy plays a role in Expertise Management Methodology|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}.
''Nog iets doen met deze link.'' Read more about {{Internal link|link=LC 00513|name=how Research Philosophy plays a role in Expertise Management Methodology|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}.


== Positivism ==
=== Positivism ===
 
De positivistische onderzoeksfilosofie gaat uit van het standpunt dat alleen feitelijke kennis opgedaan via observatie (de zintuigen) leidt tot betrouwbare kennis. De rol van een onderzoeker is beperkt tot datacollectie en interpretatie van de gegevens volgens objectieve methoden. De onderzoeksresultaten zijn dan ook observeerbaar en kwantificeerbaar.
 
Positivisme berust op kwantificeerbare observaties die via statistische methoden kunnen worden geanalyseerd. De onderzoeker maakt geen onderdeel uit van de studie, er is geen plaats voor menselijke interpretatie. Veelal wordt een deductieve aanpak gevolgd.


The positivistic research philosophy has at its basis the notion that only factual knowledge gained by sensory observation leads to reliable knowledge. The researcher’s role is limited to data collection and interpretation following objective methods. That is why the research results are observable and quantifiable.
The positivistic research philosophy has at its basis the notion that only factual knowledge gained by sensory observation leads to reliable knowledge. The researcher’s role is limited to data collection and interpretation following objective methods. That is why the research results are observable and quantifiable.
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Positivism is based on quantifiable observations that can be analysed via statistical methods. The researcher is not part of the research; there is no room for human interpretation. A deductive approach is often used.
Positivism is based on quantifiable observations that can be analysed via statistical methods. The researcher is not part of the research; there is no room for human interpretation. A deductive approach is often used.


== Interpretivism ==
=== Interpretivism ===
 
Interpretivisme wordt ook wel subjectivisme of (sociaal) constructivisme genoemd.


Volgens de interpretivistische filosofie is het noodzakelijk voor de onderzoeker om verschillen te begrijpen tussen mensen in onze rol als sociale actoren. Zodoende wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen objecten en mensen, waarbij wij mensen sociale actoren zijn die de wereld om zich heen interpreteren. Op basis van deze interpretaties passen we onze betekenissen over de wereld om ons heen en ons gedrag aan. Voor de onderzoeker betekent dit dat deze een empathische houding aanneemt om de betekenis die sociale actoren vormen te kunnen begrijpen.
According to interpretivism (sometimes called subjectivism or (social) constructivism), it is necessary for the researcher to understand the differences between people in their roles as social actors. That is why a difference is made between objects and people in which we, the people, are social actors that interpret the world around them. With these interpretations as a basis, we adapt our interpretations of the world around us as well as our behaviour. For the researcher this means that they adopt an empathic approach in order to understand the meaning formed by those social actors.


According to interpretivism, it is necessary for the researcher to understand the differences between people in their roles as social actors. That is why a difference is made between objects and people in which we, the people, are social actors that interpret the world around them. With these interpretations as a basis, we adapt our interpretations of the world around us as well as our behaviour. For the researcher this means that they adopt an empathic approach in order to understand the meaning formed by those social actors.
=== Critical Realism ===
 
== Critical Realism ==
 
De kritisch realisme onderzoeksfilosofie gaat uit van een realiteit met onderliggende mechanismen (ontologisch uitgangspunt), maar tegelijkertijd wordt erkend dat mensen duiding geven aan de realiteit (epistemologisch uitgangspunt). De positivistische benadering stelt dat alleen observeerbare gebeurtenissen mogen worden meegenomen in kennisontwikkeling. Het bestaan van onobserveerbare gebeurtenissen wordt ontkend. Dit is in tegenspraak met kritisch realisme waar juist naar onderliggende mechanismen wordt gezocht die de observeerbare gebeurtenissen mede kunnen verklaren.
 
Met het innemen van een realistisch standpunt wordt eveneens ingegaan tegen een interpretivistische benadering waarin gesteld wordt dat de mens zijn eigen wereld schept. In het extreme doorgevoerd betekent dit dat iedereen zijn eigen waarheid heeft en dat wetenschap ook slechts een opinie is. Door de verbinding te leggen met de realiteit wordt met het kritisch realisme de weg geopend om waarheden te toetsen aan de realiteit.


The critical realistic research philosophy believes there is a reality with underlying mechanisms (ontological principle). But at the same time, it is acknowledged that people give meaning to reality (epistemological principle). The positivistic approach states that only observable events are allowed for knowledge development. The existence of unobservable events is denied. This is contrary to critical realism in which underlying mechanisms that could explain observable events are specifically targeted.
The critical realistic research philosophy believes there is a reality with underlying mechanisms (ontological principle). But at the same time, it is acknowledged that people give meaning to reality (epistemological principle). The positivistic approach states that only observable events are allowed for knowledge development. The existence of unobservable events is denied. This is contrary to critical realism in which underlying mechanisms that could explain observable events are specifically targeted.
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Taking up a realistic point of view also opposes the interpretivist approach which states that people shape their own world. In extremis, this would mean that everyone has their own truth and that science is also just an opinion. By making a connection with reality, critical realism paves the road for evaluating truths against reality.
Taking up a realistic point of view also opposes the interpretivist approach which states that people shape their own world. In extremis, this would mean that everyone has their own truth and that science is also just an opinion. By making a connection with reality, critical realism paves the road for evaluating truths against reality.


== Relation Critical Realism - Systems Thinking ==
=== Relation Critical Realism - Systems Thinking ===
 
Critical realism and systems thinking are closely related. Underlying mechanism and the own reality are subjects that are closely linked to concepts from systems thinking – both the hard and the soft approach. The relation between critical realism and systems thinking is examined in {{Cite|resource=Systems Thinking - Critical Realism - Philosophy|name=Systems Thinking, Critical Realism and Philosophy|dialog=process-file-dialog}}.


Kritisch realisme en systeemdenken liggen dicht bij elkaar. Onderliggende mechanismen en eigen realiteit zijn onderwerpen die nauw verband houden met concepten uit systeemdenken, zowel de hard als de soft variant. De relatie tussen kritisch realisme en systeemdenken is uitgediept in Systems Thinking, Critical Realism and Philosophy (John Mingers, 2015).
== Research approach and methods ==
Gemeenschappelijke methodologieën en benaderingen: RMA, actieonderzoek, case study en gefundeerde theorie. Technieken: semi gestructureerd interview en visualisatie van de stakeholders en de situatie.


Critical realism and systems thinking are closely related. Underlying mechanism and the own reality are subjects that are closely linked to concepts from systems thinking – both the hard and the soft approach. The relation between critical realism and systems thinking is examined in ‘Systems Thinking, Critical Realism and Philosophy’ (John Mingers, 2015).
Research approach: reflexive monitoring
*Reflexive Monitoring in Action (RMA): an integrated methodology to encourage learning within multi-actor groups or networks as well as institutional change in order to deal with complex problems (by: Wageningen University & Research). Zie ook: {{Cite|resource=Bestand:RMA Handboek def.pdf|name=Handboek Reflexieve Monitoring in Actie|dialog=process-file-dialog}}.
*Interactive nature: for you and with or by you; problem clarification with all stakeholders
*Dialogue rather than a monologue or discussion
*Dialogue: involvement, reacting to each other, sharing experiences, new points of view, jointly learning to change
*Monologue or discussion: no contact, content does not change, arguments, winning-losing
*Qualitative research
Research method: semi-structured interview
*A conversation with a purpose: it’s an intervention in itself as it may lead to eye-openers of those involved
*Preparation |  The actual interview  |  Structuring and analyzing interview results
Sources:
*https://www.wur.nl/nl/show/Reflexive-Monitoring-in-Action.htm
*https://edepot.wur.nl/149471
*https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research/


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Huidige versie van 23 jun 2022 om 10:39

Research philosophies

Figure: research onion by Saunders (Saunders et al., 2015).

Nog iets doen met deze link. Read more about how Research Philosophy plays a role in Expertise Management Methodology.

Positivism

The positivistic research philosophy has at its basis the notion that only factual knowledge gained by sensory observation leads to reliable knowledge. The researcher’s role is limited to data collection and interpretation following objective methods. That is why the research results are observable and quantifiable.

Positivism is based on quantifiable observations that can be analysed via statistical methods. The researcher is not part of the research; there is no room for human interpretation. A deductive approach is often used.

Interpretivism

According to interpretivism (sometimes called subjectivism or (social) constructivism), it is necessary for the researcher to understand the differences between people in their roles as social actors. That is why a difference is made between objects and people in which we, the people, are social actors that interpret the world around them. With these interpretations as a basis, we adapt our interpretations of the world around us as well as our behaviour. For the researcher this means that they adopt an empathic approach in order to understand the meaning formed by those social actors.

Critical Realism

The critical realistic research philosophy believes there is a reality with underlying mechanisms (ontological principle). But at the same time, it is acknowledged that people give meaning to reality (epistemological principle). The positivistic approach states that only observable events are allowed for knowledge development. The existence of unobservable events is denied. This is contrary to critical realism in which underlying mechanisms that could explain observable events are specifically targeted.

Taking up a realistic point of view also opposes the interpretivist approach which states that people shape their own world. In extremis, this would mean that everyone has their own truth and that science is also just an opinion. By making a connection with reality, critical realism paves the road for evaluating truths against reality.

Relation Critical Realism - Systems Thinking

Critical realism and systems thinking are closely related. Underlying mechanism and the own reality are subjects that are closely linked to concepts from systems thinking – both the hard and the soft approach. The relation between critical realism and systems thinking is examined in Systems Thinking, Critical Realism and Philosophy (John Mingers, 1 januari 2015).

Research approach and methods

Gemeenschappelijke methodologieën en benaderingen: RMA, actieonderzoek, case study en gefundeerde theorie. Technieken: semi gestructureerd interview en visualisatie van de stakeholders en de situatie.

Research approach: reflexive monitoring

  • Reflexive Monitoring in Action (RMA): an integrated methodology to encourage learning within multi-actor groups or networks as well as institutional change in order to deal with complex problems (by: Wageningen University & Research). Zie ook: Handboek Reflexieve Monitoring in Actie.
  • Interactive nature: for you and with or by you; problem clarification with all stakeholders
  • Dialogue rather than a monologue or discussion
  • Dialogue: involvement, reacting to each other, sharing experiences, new points of view, jointly learning to change
  • Monologue or discussion: no contact, content does not change, arguments, winning-losing
  • Qualitative research

Research method: semi-structured interview

  • A conversation with a purpose: it’s an intervention in itself as it may lead to eye-openers of those involved
  • Preparation |  The actual interview  |  Structuring and analyzing interview results

Sources:























    Referenties



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