PR 00274: verschil tussen versies

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FRAMES' Decision Support System, or DSS, can be used as a road map to help involved authorities identify how governance relates to the resilience of flood prone areas by answering the following 10 questions:
FRAMES' Decision Support System, or DSS, can be used as a road map to help involved authorities identify how governance relates to the resilience of flood prone areas by answering the following 10 questions:
# What is the flood risk (sea, river, rainfall) and which are the flood risk challenges in your region?
# What is the emphasis of the current Flood Risk Management Strategy (FRMS) applied in your area?
# How is flood risk management organized in my country?
# What is the desired situation in relation to the flood risk challenges for the region?
# What are potential MLS-actions to enhance the flood resilience of your region?
# What is the impact of potential (spatial) actions on systems and sectors in the region?
# Who should be involved and what level should participation be?
# How can the implementation process for MLS-pilots be organized?
# What are potential barriers and success factors in the implementation of MLS actions and how can these be dealt with considering up-scaling of pilot results?
# Which capacities are key to foster adaptation towards a more diversified flood risk management strategy?


====== '''1 What is the flood risk (sea, river, rainfall) and which are the flood risk challenges in your region?''' ======
''Typical challenges for areas:''
* Coastal flooding as main challenge (see the pilots in {{Internal link|link=FR_Country_00004|name=Denmark|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} and the Netherlands ({{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00006|name=Flood proof electricity grid|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00002|name=Reimerswaal|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} and {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00003|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}))
* Fluvial flooding and coastal flooding/influence  ({{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00004|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00009|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}})
* Fluvial flooding (see the {{Internal link|link=LC 00288|name=pilots in the UK|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} and the {{Internal link|link=FR_Country_00002|name=pilots in Belgium|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}})
* Pluvial flooding: surface water flooding
''When this is not clear, please make use of the following tools''
* Flood risk maps delivered for the {{Cite|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00498|name=EU Flood Directive|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}}
* Pilots: Scenarios and other forecasting techniques to define future challenges
* Pilots: {{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00559|name=IPCC reports|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}} and {{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00560|name=national adaptation strategies|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}}
''Discuss flood risk scenarios and define challenges for resilient areas and communities with relevant stakeholders''
====== '''2 What is the emphasis of the current Flood Risk Management Strategy (FRMS) applied in your area?''' ======
* Apply multilevel and multi-actor to discuss regional flood risk management strategies
* Multilevel: EU, national, regional, local
* Multi-actor: government, private companies, NGOs, citizens.
====== '''3 How is flood risk management organized in my country?''' ======
''Table 1: Comparison of flood risk governance arrangements (FRGAs), adapted from {{Cite|resource=Bestand:Comparison-of-countries.pdf|name=Matzcak et al., 2016:72|dialog=process-file-dialog}}, completed for Germany and Denmark by using {{Cite|resource=Bestand:Buijs et al 2018.pdf|name=Buijs et al., 2018|dialog=process-file-dialog}}.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
!Characteristics of governance
!Belgium
!Germany
!Denmark
!the Netherlands
!United Kingdom
|-
!Diversification & dominance
|Moderately diversified, defence  still important
|High diversified, focus on  defence
|Highly diversified, focus on  defence
|Low diversification, defence  dominant
|Highly diversified, quite  balanced
|-
!Multi-sector
|Water sector and spatial planning  gaining equal importance; water sector still important
|Multi-sector involvement &  integrated by spatial planning
|Multi-sector involvement (landowners  and farmers have a say; landowners do not pay)
|Water sector dominant
|Multi-sector involvement &  integrated by spatial planning
|-
!Multi-actor
|Public (state dominant)
|Public (state and federal states)  dominant
|Public & private
|Public (state dominant)
|Public & private
|-
!Multi-level
|Decentralised, tendency towards  centralisation
|Central guidance & decentralization  to federal state & local level
|Central guidance & ongoing  decentralization to local level
|Both central and regional level
|Central and local level
|}
====== '''4 What is the desired situation in relation to the flood risk challenges for the region?''' ======
* Scenarios: look into different types of flood risk scenarios and consider what this would mean for the area
* Area visions (see for instance the pilot {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00011|name=Denderleeuw|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} in Belgium, where spatial planning for the valley was envisioned)
* Adaptive planning (in {{Internal link|link=FR_Country_00004|name=Denmark|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, for instance, the {{External link|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00561|name=DAPP approach|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}} was used)
* Interview decision-makers to gain insight in how they define the desired situation
''Table 2:  examples of desired situation in several pilots.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
|
!{{Internal link|link=LC 00031|name=Kent|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} (UK)
!{{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00008|name=Vejle|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} (DK)
!{{Internal link|link=LC 00416|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} (GE)
!{{Internal link|link=LC 00270|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} (NL)
!{{Internal link|link=LC 00410|name=Reimerswaa|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}l (NL)
!{{Internal link|link=LC 00271|name=Denderleeuw|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} (BE)
|-
!Time orientation
|Mid-term/ long-term
|Long-term
|Mid-term/ long-term
|Mid-term/ long-term
|Mid-term/ long-term
|Long-term
|-
!Knowledge of climate change  impacts with business as usual
|Yes, increased flooding, deaths, costs  & risks
|Yes, main sources of floods
|Yes, floods and droughts. Focus on  potential sectoral conflicts of adaptation measures
|Yes, increased vulnerability to  flooding & water shortage
|Yes, increased risks of damaged  infrastructure
|Yes, but focus on heavy rain floods  (T10 category)
|-
!Articulation of desired situation
|Fundamental shift vulnerable  communities in flood risk management
|Shift to municipal focus in spatial  planning
|Shift to integrated planning approach  (through tipping points)
|Shift to integrated spatial planning;  shift from protection to prevention
|Shift to spatial planning with focus on  resilient infrastructure
|Shift to planning combining various  actors in business, civic and public
|}
====== '''5 What are potential MLS-actions to enhance the flood resilience of your region?''' ======
Overview of actions based on analysis pilot activities
* Linked to MLS layers
* Linked to area context to apply actions: coastal, fluvial, pluvial
* Linked to Diversification of Governance context to apply actions (or adaptation of FGRA required): low, medium, high
''Table 3: examples of some pilots on how the diversification of the governance context applies to action.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
!MLS actions
!Layers
!Area context
''Coastal/ Fluvial/Pluvial''
!Governance context'Low/Medium/High diversification
!Pilots
|-
|''Improving zoning of developments in flood prone areas''
|1,  2
|C /  F/ P
|L /  M / H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00172|name=Denderleeuw|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, pilots in {{Internal link|link=FR Country 00004|name=Denmark|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00005|name=Kent|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} and {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00002|name=Reimerswaal|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Reducing surface flood risk from extreme rainfall via increasing  storage capacity in private and public space''
|2,  3
|P
|M /  H
|Great Yarmouth
|-
|''Lowering flood risk for communities via nature based solutions  upstream''
|2,  3
|F /  P
|H
|{{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00016|name=Medway|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00261|name=Lustrum Beck|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00262|name=Southwell|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Realizing a flood proof critical infrastructure''
|1,  2
|C / F/ P
|L /  M / H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00274|name=Reimerswaa|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}l, {{Internal link|link=LC 00225|name=Electricity Grid|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Limit cascade-effects of critical infrastructure failure''
|4
|C /  F/ P
|H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00410|name=Reimerswaal|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Integrate emergency response planning in flood risk management (and  vice versa)''
|1,  2, 3
|C /  F/ P
|M / H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00416|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00031|name=Kent|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00003|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Improve strategies for preventive evacuation''
|1,  2, 3
|C /  F
|L /  M / H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00270|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00274|name=Reimerswaal|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00003|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Develop alternative evacuation strategies (safe haven, shelters,  vertical evacuation)''
|3,  4
|C /  F/ P
|M / H
|{{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00003|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00270|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00271|name=Dender|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00416|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Raising awareness for flood resilience measures''
|3
|C /  F/ P
|L /  M / H
|Pilots in the {{Internal link|link=FR Country 00006|name=UK|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00271|name=Dender|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00416|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00275|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00276|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Involving communities in flood resilience measures''
|3
|C /  F/ P
|M /  H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00289|name=Sloe|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Empower communities, including households an
d businesses to take measures  themselves (self-reliance)''
|3,  4
|C /  F/ P
|H
|{{Internal link|link=LC 00291|name=Wesermarsch|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  pilots in the {{Internal link|link=LC 00292|name=UK|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00293|name=Dender|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|-
|''Apply adaptive planning to define pathways for diversified flood risk management strategies''
|1,  2, 3, 4
|C /  F/ P
|L / M / H
|Pilots in {{Internal link|link=FR Country 00004|name=Denmark|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}},  {{Internal link|link=LC 00294|name=Kent|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=LC 00301|name=Dender|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}, {{Internal link|link=FR PLT PR 00004|name=Alblasserwaard|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}}
|}
====== '''6 What is the impact of potential (spatial) actions on systems and sectors in the region?''' ======
Make sure to harmonize impact assessments with the national adaptation strategies
''Table 4: examples of pilots and impacts of potential MLS-actions on systems and/or sectors.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
!MLS actions
!Layers
!Relevant systems
!Impact
!Pilots
|-
|''Improving zoning of developments in flood prone areas''
|1,  2
|land use, housing, economy,  (critical) infrastructure, water, nature, agriculture, flood protection
|
|Dender,  DK, Kent, Reimerswaal
|-
|''Reducing surface flood risk from extreme rainfall via increasing  storage capacity in private and public space''
|2,  3
|land use, housing, economy,  (critical) infrastructure, water, nature, agriculture
|
|Great  Yarmouth
|-
|''Lowering flood risk for communities via nature based solutions  upstream''
|2,  3
|land use, agriculture, nature,  water
|
|Medway,  Lustrum Beck, Southwell
|-
|''Realizing a flood proof critical infrastructure''
|1,  2
|Critical infrastructure (energy,  roads etc), land use, economy, crisis management, flood protection
|
|Reimerswaal,
Electricity grid
|-
|''Limit cascade-effects of critical infrastructure failure''
|4
|Critical infrastructure, economy,  society, crisis management
|
|Reimerswaal
|-
|''Integrate emergency response planning in flood risk management (and  vice versa)''
|1,  2, 3
|Crisis management, healthcare,  society, flood protection and spatial planning
|
|Wemarsch,  Kent, Sloe
|-
|''Improve strategies for preventive evacua
tion''
|1,
2, 3
|Crisis management, healthcare
,  society, flood protection and spatial planning
|
|Alblasserwaard, Reimerswaal,  Sloe
|-
|''Develop alternative evacuation strategies (safe haven, shelters,  vertical evacuation)''
|3,  4
|Crisis management, healthcare,  soc
iety, flood protection and spatial planning
|
|Sloe; Ablasserwaard
;
Dender; Wesermarsch
|-
|''Raising awareness for flood resilience measures''
|3
|Society, economy, land use
|
|Pilots in the UK,  Dender,  Wesermarsch,  Sloe, Alblasserwaard
|-
|''Involving com
munities in flood resilience measures''
|3
|Society, economy, land use
|
|Sloe
|-
|''Empower communities, including households and businesses to take measures  themselves (self-reliance)''
|3,  4
|Society, economy, housing,
agriculture
|
|Wesermarsch,  pilots in the UK, Dender
|-
|''Apply adaptive planning to define pathways for diversified flood risk management strategies''
|1,  2, 3, 4
|Land-use, water, critical  infrastructure, economy, society, nature
|
|Pilots in Denmark,  Kent, Dender, Alblasserwaard
|}
====== '''7 Who should be involved and what level should participation be?''' ======
* Stakeholder analysis examples by project
* Link to FRGA to support stakeholder analysis
* Analysis of multilevel and multi-actor setting, including participation level, during pilot implementation
* Analyse differences between pilot implementation and FRGA
====== '''8 How can the implementation process for MLS-pilots be organized?''' ======
There are three types of pilot implementation processes:
* Goal oriented (Reimerswaal, …)
* Participatory process oriented (pilots in the UK)
* Planning process oriented (DAPP Denmark)
''Differences are mainly based on the governance context, the organization in the lead in the pilot and the  role in the FRGA.''
====== '''9 What are potential barriers and success factors in the implementation of MLS actions and how can these be dealt with considering up-scaling of pilot results?''' ======
* Interviews will reveal lessons learnt
* Analyse the internal/external success factors and barriers in the implementation of pilots and up-scaling; see table 5 below.
''Table 5: conditions for successful pilots and conditions for uptake ({{Cite|resource=Resource Hyperlink 00558|name=Van Buuren et al., 2018|dialog=process-linkwebsite-dialog}}).''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%"
!Element
!Conditions for successful pilots
!Conditions for uptake
|-
|''Position of the pilot''
|At a distance from home bases (freedom to explore novel ideas)
|Stay connected: conscious strategy to create normative congruence
|-
|''Resource distribution''
|Additional resources for the pilot to enable creativity and exploration
|Solutions fit within the existing system of resource-distribution and contribute to organizational aims of efficiency and risk reduction
|-
|''Participants''
|Coaling of (willing) boundary spanners
|Representativeness of involved actors from all relevant disciplines and stakes of the future implementation arena
|-
|''Process design''
|Learning environment, tailor-made collaborative process design
|Results ready for mainstreaming and broader embedding. Focus on where the results have to land.
|-
|''Project design''
|Limited scale to reduce risks and (financial) impacts, high quality (shared) monitoring and analysis
|Sufficient system understanding; outcomes considered representative and of high quality
|}
====== '''10 Which capacities are key to foster adaptation towards a more diversified flood risk management strategy?''' ======
* Analysis of adaptive capacities lacking, employed or emerging in pilots studies, based on pilot processes
* Provides on a more abstract level to decision-makers which capacities are needed for planning, implementation and up-scaling of MLS
* Road map for capacity building for pilots to become successful working on diversified FRM
''Make sure to interview decision-makers about adaptive capacities''
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Versie van 1 nov 2019 13:44

Roadmap to resiliency.png

FRAMES' Decision Support System, or DSS, can be used as a road map to help involved authorities identify how governance relates to the resilience of flood prone areas by answering the following 10 questions:

  1. What is the flood risk (sea, river, rainfall) and which are the flood risk challenges in your region?
  2. What is the emphasis of the current Flood Risk Management Strategy (FRMS) applied in your area?
  3. How is flood risk management organized in my country?
  4. What is the desired situation in relation to the flood risk challenges for the region?
  5. What are potential MLS-actions to enhance the flood resilience of your region?
  6. What is the impact of potential (spatial) actions on systems and sectors in the region?
  7. Who should be involved and what level should participation be?
  8. How can the implementation process for MLS-pilots be organized?
  9. What are potential barriers and success factors in the implementation of MLS actions and how can these be dealt with considering up-scaling of pilot results?
  10. Which capacities are key to foster adaptation towards a more diversified flood risk management strategy?































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